The Parisian club has now won the prestigious cup on 14 separate occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain needed a stoppage-time equaliser followed by a successful penalty shootout to get past Marseille in the Gulf and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup title.
The European champions seemed to be coasting towards a straightforward triumph in the showdown between the Ligue 1 winners and the French Cup winners after Ousmane Dembele found the scoring in the opening stages.
However, Marseille struck two times late to seize a surprise lead. Initially, Mason Greenwood converted from the penalty spot, before the defender unfortunately directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a remarkable turn of events, Goncalo Ramos snatched a crucial leveler in the dying moments to force the contest into a deciding shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then emerged as the hero, stopping crucial attempts from O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
From the spot, Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and Desire Doue all scored with composure for Paris Saint-Germain to complete a 4-1 shootout victory.
Now 14-time champions PSG, who met last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now won this competition for the 12th time in the last 13 years.